Imperial Military Medical Academy Research Articles

The celebration of the 100th anniversary of the imperial military medical academy as a recognition of its special role in the development of russian medicine

The study describes the solemn celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Imperial Military Medical Academy. This celebration not only fixed the special status of the academy among the educational and medical institutions of prerevolutionary Russia but also allowed us to summarize the main results of its development and formation. For 100 years of its existence, it has turned into the largest military educational medical institution, known worldwide, and has experienced periods of ups and downs, heydays and declines, and hopes and disappointment. In 1809, shortly after its foundation, the academy was named the Imperial Military Medical Academy and was introduced into the rank of the first scientific institution of the Russian Empire. The academy reached its greatest heyday when it was part of the military Department, which generously paid for the expenses of its “offspring. ” Thanks to the care of the curators and trustees of the academy, the initiative and creative activity of its leaders in the second half of the XIX century created a wonderful complex of buildings with amphitheaters, auditoriums, classrooms, and medical Departments. More than 10 thousand military doctors had already been educated at the academy by that time. Continuous improvement of teaching and encouragement of the scientific activity of teachers and students put the academy on par with the leading scientific and educational institutions of the West, and some of its institutions nearly surpassed even the best European models. Anniversary events include laying a wreath at the grave of Emperor Paul I, assembly speeches, festive dinners, routs, and visiting the theater and remained in the memory of the participants of the celebration for a long time. During its anniversary, Russian scientists have received numerous warm and heartfelt congratulations from outstanding figures of world science. The involvement of the country’s top officials and the medical community in this celebration testifies to the great respect and love for this oldest military educational institution, the profession of a military doctor, and the recognition of the academy’s merits in the development of Russian and world medical science in helping a suffering person.

Academician Vladimir Mikhailovich Mysh (1873–1947) (on the 150th anniversary of his birth)

An outstanding surgeon, scientist, teacher and organizer of healthcare, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1945), Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1934), founder of the largest surgical school in Siberia, Professor Vladimir Mikhailovich Mysh was born on January 4 (16), 1873 in St. Petersburg in the family of a lawyer. He received his secondary education in a classical gymnasium and entered the Imperial Military Medical Academy, which he graduated in 1895 with honors and was left for three years to improve at the Department of Surgery under the guidance of Professor N. A. Velyaminov. In 1898, V. M. Mysh defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic: «Herniae vaginales ingvinales in childhood» and was assigned to Kaluga, where he worked as the head of the Surgical Department in a Military hospital. In 1901, he was elected by competition to the position of professor of the Department of General Surgery with Desmurgy and the study of dislocations and fractures at the Medical Faculty of Tomsk University. In 1909, V. M. Mysh became the head of the Department of Faculty Surgery of Tomsk University, which he headed until 1931, and in 1922, he concurrently headed the Department of Urology created by him. He was the first in Russia and the third in the world to perform radical surgery for alveolar echinococcosis of the liver. In 1931, Vladimir Mikhailovich together with the staff of Tomsk State Medical University moved to Novosibirsk, where he continued to head the Department of Surgery, and in 1935, took an active part in the opening of Novosibirsk Medical Institute and the creation of the Department of Faculty Surgery in it. V. M. Mysh initiated the introduction of specialized urological care in Siberia and made a very great contribution to the development of neurosurgery. Academician V. M. Mysh created the largest surgical school in Siberia, from which famous professors came out: V. S. Levit, G. M. Mukhadze, M. S. Rabinovich, S. L. Schneider, B. I. Fuchs, K. N. Cherepnin, A. G. Savinykh, V. M. Galkin. Vladimir Mikhailovich was the author and co-author of 136 scientific papers, including 11 monographs and manuals on abdominal and thoracic surgery, oncology, urology, neurosurgery, diseases of bones and joints, general and plastic surgery. He was awarded two Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, medals «For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945», «For Labor Valor». Academician V. M. Mysh died on December 31, 1947 and was buried at the Zaeltsovsky Cemetery in Novosibirsk. The surgical clinic of the State Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors and the Department of Faculty Surgery of NSMU were named after V. M. Mysh. He was listed in the gallery of Honorary Professors of the Novosibirsk State Medical Academy.

Professor Roman Romanovich Vreden (1867–1934) (on the 155<sup>th</sup> anniversary of his birth)

An outstanding orthopedic traumatologist and military field surgeon, scientist and teacher, one of the founders of orthopedics in Russia, founder and long-term director of the St. Petersburg Orthopedic Institute (1906–1924), organizer of the first Department of Pediatric Surgery in Russia (1933) and creator of a large scientific school of orthopedic traumatologists, Professor Roman Romanovich Vreden was born on March 9 (21), 1867 in St. Petersburg in the family of a well-known otorhinolaryngologist, Professor Robert Robertovich Vreden. From childhood, Roman chose the profession of a doctor for himself, and after graduating with a gold medal from the First Classical Gymnasium in St. Petersburg in 1885, he entered the Imperial Military Medical Academy. After graduating from the academy in 1890, he passed the competition and left for further development of the specialty as an adjunct at the Department and Clinic of Hospital Surgery founded by N. I. Pirogov and led by Professor V. A. Ratimov. In 1893, R. R. Vreden successfully defended his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine on the topic: «On the etiology of cystitis», after which he was sent to Kiev, where from 1893 to 1896, he worked as a resident at the Kiev Military Hospital, headed the Surgical and Ear Departments there. In 1896, Roman Romanovich returned to the Military Medical Academy and received the position of senior assistant in the Hospital Surgical Clinic of V. A. Ratimov. In 1898, R. R. Vreden was awarded the academic title of Privatdozent. In 1902, in connection with the retirement due to illness of V. A. Ratimov, a competition was held to fill the position of the head of the Department of Hospital Surgery, but R. R. Vreden lost to S. P. Fedorov in it, after which he left the Department. In 1902–1904, he was a leading surgeon and director of the French Hospital in St. Petersburg and a surgical consultant at the Nikolaev Military Hospital. In 1903, R. R. Vreden was appointed an official for special assignments at the Main Military Medical Directorate. In February 1904, the Russo-Japanese War began and R. R. Vreden was sent to the Far East. In March 1905, Roman Romanovich returned to St. Petersburg, until 1906, served as head of the faculty surgical clinic of the Women’s Medical Institute. In July 1906, Roman Romanovich was appointed the first director of the first Russian Orthopedic Institute in St. Petersburg. R. R. Vreden can rightfully be considered the founder of operative orthopedics in our country. Such surgical interventions as arthrotomy, arthroplasty, arthrodesis, bone and joint resections, tendon and bone plasty, osteotomy, open reduction of dislocations and others were widely performed at the Institute. In 1911, Roman Romanovich was elected a professor at the Psychoneurological Institute and created the Department of Orthopedics on the basis of his Institute. In 1912, he organized training in orthopedics for doctors at the Clinical Institute of the Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, and in 1918, he created and headed the Department of Orthopedics at the First Petrograd Medical Institute. In 1925, the «Practical Guide to Orthopedics» was published, which summed up the 18-year activity of R. R. Vreden in this field of medicine. Roman Romanovich created one of the first and largest scientific schools of orthopedic surgeons in our country. Professor Roman Romanovich Vreden died in Leningrad on February 7, 1934 and was buried at the Smolensk Lutheran cemetery. In 1967, the Leningrad Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics was named after R. R. Vreden.

Academician Viktor Nikolaevich Shevkunenko (1872-1952) (on the 150<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the birth)

The outstanding Russian scientist and teacher in the field of topographic anatomy and operative surgery, one of the initiators of the creation of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and its full member (1944), Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1935), winner of the Stalin Prize of the first degree (1943), Lieutenant General of the Medical Service (1943), Professor (1912) Viktor Nikolayevich Shevkunenko was born on February 17 (29 new style), 1872 in the county town of Mezen, Arkhangelsk province. In 1895, he graduated from the Imperial Military Medical Academy. From 1912 to 1948, he headed the Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy of the Academy. V.N. Shevkunenko is the founder of the doctrine of the type and age variability of human anatomy. As a result of many years of research carried out by the staff of the department, atypical forms of the structure and location of organs and anatomical structures were described in detail, optimal accesses and rational technique were justified when performing surgical interventions on different organs, depending on the typical, sexual and age topographic and anatomical features of patients. V.N. Shevkunenko is the founder of a major Russian school in the field of operative surgery and topographic anatomy: 44 of his students became professors. Academician V.N. Shevkunenko died on July 3, 1952 and was buried at the Theological Cemetery in Leningrad.

Semen S. Girgolav is a Servant of Russian Surgery.To his 140th anniversary

Semen Semenovich Girgolav was born on February 2, 1881 in Tiflis, Georgia, Russia. In 1904 he graduated from the Imperial Military Medical Academy with honors. Under the guidance of Prof. M.S. Subbotin, Dr. S. Girgolav prepared and in 1907 successfully defended his doctoral dissertation “Experimental findings on the use of isolated omentum in the abdominal surgery”. Later, he headed the chairs of general surgery, hospital surgery of the Military Medical Academy; he also was a scientific director of the Leningrad Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, head of the surgical department of the medical faculty of the 2nd Leningrad Medical Institute.In the 30s. Prof. Girgolav started a comprehensive work on thermal injuries and continued it until the last days of his life, while basic efforts of the staff of departments and laboratories which he headed were focused on studying local and general effects of low temperatures. From the first to the last days of the Great Patriotic War, he was the Deputy Chief Surgeon of the Red Army, and when Academician Burdenko (Chief Surgeon) fell ill (from October 1941 to May 1942 and in 1945) he acted as Chief Surgeon. During the Great Patriotic War, Prof. Girgolav regularly underlined the priority of the issues of military field surgery management as well as the issues of collecting and sharing the battle experience in surgery.Academician Girgolav’s list of works includes more than 140 scientific papers, which can be schematically divided into the following topics: “Military field surgery”, “Wounds”, “Frostbites”, “Issues of Special Surgery”, “Traumatology”, “Asepsis and antiseptics”, “Pain relief”, “Neurosurgery”, “Endocrinology and oncology”, “Manuals and Guidelines”. Professor V. G. Weinstein (an outstanding Soviet traumatologistorthopedist who worked under Acad. Girgolav’s guidance) suggests the following sections: 38 works are devoted to comprehensive researches on wounds, 17 – to infections, 16 – to military field surgery, 14 – abdominal and thoracic surgery, 13 – traumatology, 12 – problems of low-temperature injuries. Fewer works in urology, plastic surgery, asepsis and antiseptics, vascular and operative surgery, history of medicine.As a result of Acad. Girgolav’s research and educational activities, one of the largest surgical schools in the USSR has been created. More than 20 doctoral and 45 candidate dissertations were prepared and defended under his supervision. Academician, Lieutenant-General of the Medical Service .S. Girgolav, was awarded the Stalin Prize, two Orders of Lenin, three Orders of the Red Banner, Order of the Red Banner of Labor, Order of the Red Star as well as many medals and honorary prizes for his outstanding contribution to the medical sphere of the Motherland in peacetime and wartime.

The history of the appointment of V.M. Bekhterev to the Imperial Kazan University

In this article, based on archival data and literary sources, the history and reasons for the appointment of V.M. Bekhterev to the Imperial Kazan University are described. Since the sixties of the 19th century, anatomy and physiology professors, as well as clinicians and psychologists of Kazan University, started comprehensive studies of the nervous system within the framework of a specially created psychophysiological department of the Society of Naturalists. Kazan scientific community was familiar with the experimental work of V.M. Bekhterev, the assistant of the Imperial Military Medical Academy, and considered him capable of continuing research on nervous system, which was actively carried out in Kazan. The professors of the medical faculty needed a like-minded person like V.M. Bekhterev at the university to support their scientific views on the role of the nervous system physiology in human mental phenomena formation, as well as to continue the nervous system complex studies, which were started in the framework of the psychophysiological department of the Society of Naturalists. The initiator of the invitation of V.M. Bekhterev as a physiology professor was N.O. Kovalevskiy, who was actively studying the nervous system physiology and supporting the young professor in his scientific and organizational activities for almost the entire period of his work in Kazan. Vladimir Mikhailovich was unanimously elected by the Council of the Faculty of Medicine, and despite being sent on a business trip abroad, he became a head of the Department of Psychiatry at Kazan University from August 1, 1885.

Academician Nikolai Nikolaevich Petrov (1876–1964) (on the 145th anniversary of his birth)

Nikolai Nikolaevich Petrov was born on December 2 (14), 1876 in St. Petersburg in the family of a famous scientist, professor of mechanics Nikolai Pavlovich Petrov. In 1894, Nikolai graduated from the First Classical Gymnasium and entered the Imperial Military Medical Academy. After graduation in 1898, Nikolai Nikolaevich was left at the Academy for 3 years to prepare for a professorship at the Department of Surgical Pathology, and in 1902 completed his dissertation experimental work for the degree of Doctor of Medicine on the topic: «Tuberculosis of the joints due to injury». After defending his thesis, he was sent for 2 years to further improve in Western Europe, and after returning to St. Petersburg in 1905, N. N. Petrov was elected to the position of privatdozent of the Military Medical Academy. From 1905 to 1912, Nikolai Nikolaevich published about 40 scientific papers, including two fundamental monographs: «The General Doctrine of tumors (pathology and clinic)» (1910) – the first monograph in Russian devoted to oncology, and the monograph «Free Bone plastic Surgery», published in 1912. From 1912 to 1913, he was the Professor of the Hospital Surgical Clinic of the University of Warsaw. From 1913 to 1964, he was the Professor of the Surgical Clinic of the State Institute for Advanced Medical Training. In 1920, N. N. Petrov took an active part in the creation of the first university in the Kuban, especially in the organization of the Faculty of Medicine in Krasnodar. In 1917, N. N. Petrov was elected to the position of the Head of the Department of Hospital Surgery of the Women’s Medical Institute (later the Pavlov First Leningrad Medical Institute, and now the Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University (Pavlov University)), which he headed until 1927. Due to the duty trips, he began to head the Department only in 1921 after returning from the front. In 1921, N. N. Petrov and his family returned to Petrograd. Thanks to the perseverance and high authority of Nikolai Nikolaevich as a surgeon, scientist and health organizer, he managed to achieve the creation of a specialized practical and research oncological center in Leningrad, and on March 15, 1927, the Institute of Oncology was founded, which in 1966 was named after N. N. Petrov. Nikolay Nikolaevich made a significant contribution to the development of experimental oncology thanks to the organization in 1938 of the laboratory of experimental cancer in Sukhumi on the basis of a nursery for monkeys, which was at that time a branch of All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine (VIEM). Nikolay Nikolaevich was the author and co-author of more than 300 scientific papers, more than 50 dissertation studies were carried out under his supervision. His most famous student was F.G. Uglov, who headed the Department of Hospital Surgery of the Pavlov First Leningrad Medical Institute in 1950. For outstanding services to Soviet healthcare and great achievements in medical science, N. N. Petrov was awarded three Orders of Lenin and two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor. Academician Nikolai Nikolaevich Petrov died on March 2, 1964 and was buried at the cemetery in the village of Komarovo near Leningrad.

Marine doctor privat-doctor Petr Fedorovich Fedorov: services, contribution to medicine and assessment of its activities by our contemporaries

Introduction. Currently, the role of the Military Medical Academy is named after S. M. Kirov in the development of the world and domestic medical science, as well as in the creation of scientific medical schools. Despite the fact that the Department of Dentistry at the Military Medical Academy was formed in 1929, the influence of the Academy on the development of domestic dentistry can be traced throughout the entire period of its existence. However, not all historical moments of the formation and development of military dentistry are known to a wide range of specialists.The purpose of the study was to highlight the merits of the marine doctor, doctor of medicine, privat-docent P. F. Fedorov, pointing out his role in the formation and development of dentistry in our country.Material and methods. Based on the analysis of domestic literature, as well as the life, professional activities, and scientific works of the doctor of medicine, privat-docent P. F. Fedorov, his role in the formation and development of dentistry in Russia is presented.Results and discussion. The main milestones in the life, professional medical, and pedagogical activities of the marine doctor P. F. Fedorov from the moment he entered the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy (1876) until his appointment to the active fleet in connection with the outbreak of the First World War (1914). Particular attention is paid to the activities of P. F. Fedorov as a private assistant professor for dental diseases of the Imperial Military Medical Academy, where he headed the course on dental diseases for 22 years. It is noted that the assistant professor of dental diseases at the Imperial Military Medical Academy was a kind of prototype for the future department of maxillofacial surgery and stomatology of the Military Medical Academy. Conclusion. Marine doctor privat-docent P. F. Fedorov was one of the founders of a new specialty — dentistry (military and practical), as he stood at its origins.

Academician Semyon Semyonovich Girgolav (1881–1957) (to the 140th anniversary of the birth)

Professor Semyon Semyonovich Girgolav was born on February 2 (14), 1881 in Tiflis (Tbilisi) in a large family of the hereditary honorary citizen of St. Petersburg Semyon Gavrilovich Girgolav. In 1899, he graduated from the Second St. Petersburg Classical Gymnasium with a silver medal and immediately entered the Imperial Military Medical Academy, from which he graduated with honors in 1904. Under the guidance of M. S. Subbotin, S. S. Girgolav prepared and in 1907 successfully defended his doctoral dissertation «Experimental data on the use of an isolated omentum in abdominal surgery». In 1912, Semyon Semyonovich was elected by the Conference of the Academy as a privatdozent of the general surgery clinic, and in 1914, he was confirmed as a senior assistant of the clinic. In the 1920/21 academic year, S. S. Girgolav introduced mandatory practical classes in general surgery for the first time in our country, where students studied and mastered the methods of asepsis and antiseptics, mastered the methods of examining patients with surgical diseases, methods of applying various bandages and transportation splints, techniques for temporary hemostasis, etc. In 1932, Semyon Semyonovich was appointed Deputy Director for the scientific part of the Leningrad Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (now the Russian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics named after R. R. Vreden). In the pre-war years, the main direction of scientific research of S. S. Girgolav and his staff in the hospital surgery clinic was the study of the regularities of the wound process and wound healing in surgical pathology. S. S. Girgolav applied much efforts and energy to the problems of traumatology. He developed the technique of a number of original surgical operations for acute fractures of long bones, the habitual dislocation of the shoulder joint. Semyon Semyonovich’s scientific heritage is great and multifaceted. He has published more than 140 scientific papers on general, military and thoracic surgery, traumatology, neurosurgery, surgical endocrinology and oncology, combustiology, pathology and therapy of frostbites and burns. Under the supervision of S. S. Girgolav, more than 20 doctoral and 45 candidate theses were prepared and defended. For outstanding services to the Motherland in peace and war, S. S. Girgolav was awarded two Orders of Lenin, three Orders of the Red Banner, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the Order of the Red Star, many medals and badges of honour. Academician Semyon Semyonovich Girgolav died on January 25, 1957 in Leningrad and was buried at the Bogoslovskoe Cemetery.

Military doctor Konstantin Finne (1878-1956) and his memories of the 100th anniversary of the Imperial Military Medical Academy

Military doctor Konstantin Finne (1878-1956) and his memories of the 100th anniversary of the Imperial Military Medical Academy

Ivan Ivanovich Makaveev - the last head of the Imperial Military Medical Academy

Ivan Ivanovich Makaveev - the last head of the Imperial Military Medical Academy

[Professor Boris Petrovich Ugryumov is a prominent military pathologist].

The biographical article is dedicated to the memory of Boris Petrovich Ugryumov, a graduate of the Imperial Military Medical Academy (1914), a prominent military pathologist, the First Head of the Department of Pathological Anatomy, Ryazan Medical Institute. The paper presents the major milestones in the life of B.P. Ugryumov; his service on the fronts of the First and Second World Wars and his teaching activity at the Military Medical Academy and the Naval Medical Academy occupy an important place. For about 10 years, he was in charge of the Pathology Department, S.P. Botkin Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital in Leningrad, which largely determined the area of his professional interests, such as the pathomorphology of infectious diseases, tuberculosis in particular. The archiving and personal photographic documents that have been previously unknown to the public are published for the first time.

Chronicle and mix

- The rule of admission of female doctors to scientific employment in educational auxiliary institutions of the Imperial Military Medical Academy is also extended to the clinic of mental and nervous diseases, which is currently an independent institution, not subordinate to the military so far. Women doctors will be admitted to this clinic (for a period of two years) with a special permission for each case of permission of the head of the Academy on the presentation of the director of the clinic, Academician V.M.Bekhterev.-Nov. Time.

To the history of the journal "Izvestia of the Imperial Military Medical Academy"

One Five years ago, the publication of the journal Izvestia of the Imperial Military Medical Academy, which was published in the period from 1900 to 1917, was resumed. Purpose of the article: based on the constituent documents and other documentary evidence, to consider the history of this scientific and practical publication, the goals and objectives of its establishment, the main purpose, structure of sections and topics of publications; outline the circle of personalities who have made the greatest contribution to the existence of the journal: initiators of its creation, editors, regular authors. The work describes in detail the functions of the editorial office and the practical aspects of interaction with authors. Particular attention is paid to the details of the reform undertaken in 1911, aimed at raising the scientific authority of the publication as the official organ of the Academys press and expanding the circle of its subscribers. As a result of the reform, noticeable structural and substantive changes took place in the journal. The Izvestia pages contained: original scholarly works prepared in academic clinics and laboratories; lectures by professors and teachers of the Academy, in which new important discoveries were stated, new directions in medical science were established; abstracts of dissertations defended at the academy; minutes of meetings of scientific societies affiliated with the academy; news chronicle of academic life; information about new orders for the educational and economic part of the academy, about vacancies, new appointments at the academy; academic archives and conference minutes; lists of current admissions to the library of the academy; statistics on morbidity and mortality in St. Petersburg, etc. Thus, the journal was a full-fledged official press organ of the Military Medical Academy. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the first attempt was made to systematically present the history of this journal, as well as to understand its role and significance for the development of science at the Military Medical Academy, in increasing its scientific prestige in the country and abroad. The practical significance lies in the fact that the historical experience of publishing this journal, which is summarized in the article, can be useful for formulating a mission and implementing a successful publishing policy by its successor, Izvestia of the Russian Military Medical Academy (6 figs, bibliography: 18 refs).

Contribution of the staff of the Military medical academy to the development of peripheral nerve surgery

The formation of the neurosurgical service in our country, as well as the development of peripheral nerve surgery, is inextricably linked with prominent figures - employees of the S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy: L.M. Puseppa, V.N. Shamova, V.I. Grebenyuk, B.A. Samotokina, A.N. Solomina, E.I. Usanova, E.D. Alekseeva, F.S. Govenko, B.V. Martynova, A.E Belousova, etc. Already from the beginning of the 20th century, Ludwig Martynovich Pusepp has been actively engaged in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of peripheral nerve damage at the Imperial Military Medical Academy. In the second half of the XX century. peripheral nerve surgery undergoes an important stage: the transition to microsurgery. This stage is marked by the rapid development and implementation of microsurgical techniques in the treatment of patients suffering from traumatic lesions of limbs and nerves. The Academy is actively developing revascularization and reinnervation techniques for injuries to the limbs. Based on the analysis of the data of the Great Patriotic War and the war in Afghanistan, the Academy staff published works on the organization of medical care and surgical treatment of combat injuries of peripheral nerves. Thanks to the active scientific and practical work of A.E. Belousova, N.G. Gubochkina, E.D. Alekseeva, F.S. Govenko, B.V. Martynova at the beginning of the XXI century. Clinic of Neurosurgery of the S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy becomes a leading institution in Russia, where they provide assistance to patients suffering from injuries and diseases of the peripheral nervous system.

Dear comrade!

On November 19, the upcoming 1897, it will be 30 years since the opening of the clinic for mental illnesses at the Imperial Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg. In addition, a new, completely separate building at a mental health clinic, intended to serve as a clinic for nervous diseases, will be completed approximately in time, and will open at the beginning of the next academic year. Bearing in mind both of these major events in the life of the oldest psychiatric clinic in Russia, it is supposed to commemorate these events by the establishment of a psychiatric and neurological museum, for which there is a special facility in the building currently under construction for nervous patients.

Evolutionary-histological studies of the doctor of medicine Vera Mikhailovna Danchakova

The historical article presents material that analyzes the contributor from the first female histologists V.M. Danchakova in the study of problems of evolutionary histology and questions of normal and pathological histogenesis. Vera Mikhailovna Danchakova is a student of Professor A.A. Maksimov, the first woman, who defended a histological dissertation at the Imperial Military Medical Academy (1907). In foreign literature, her work is referred to as pioneering in the study of cells, which are now called stem cells. V.M. Danchakova made a significant contribution to the study of the evolutionary aspects of histogenesis of tissues with various cambial properties, for the first time showed the extragonadal origin of primary germ cells using the example of birds, and obtained new additional experimental data confirming A.A. Maksimov's unitary theory of hematopoiesis. Thanks to her research, the possibility of malignancy of stem and progenitor cells was shown for the first time. V.M. Danchakova was prompted by the study of generative cells (primary germ cells, gonocytes), as well as the influence of male and female sex hormones on sex differentiation in embryo-genesis. The results of her experiments using the method of tissue and cell cultures formed the basis for the development of the doctrine of the immune response "graft versus host”.

Further data on the pathogenesis of eclampsia

At the beginning of November 1892, in a lecture read before the conference of the Imperial Military Medical Academy, I had the opportunity to state my view on the essence of the origin of the disease, which is still incomprehensible to us, which is called eclampsia.

ACCORDING TO THE ACCUMULATION OF LIQUID IN THE UTERINE TUBE. SEVERAL ANIMAL EXPERIENCES

Diseases of the fallopian tubes occupy a prominent place in modern gynecology, and among these diseases, serious attention is paid clinically to the accumulation of fluid in the tube cavity. Professor K.F. Slavyanskiy in his lectures, read in November 1890 at the clinic of the Imperial Military Medical Academy, which he headed, examined in detail the issue of retention cysts of the fallopian tubes and under this name grouped diseases known as hydrosalpinx, pyosalpinx, haematosalpinx, cystes tubo-ovariales.

Nikolai Alexandrovich VELYAMINOV – leib-medic, academician of medicine, Professor of the Imperial Military medical Academy
 (to the 165th of birthday)

Nikolai Alexandrovich Velyaminov was born in 1855 in St. Petersburg. He studied at the gymnasiums of Wiesbaden and Warsaw. In 1872 he entered the Moscow University in physics and mathematics, and in 1873 transferred to the faculty of medicine. In 1877 he was sent to the army in the Caucasus. In 1878-1879, Nikolai Alexandrovich became ill with typhus, developing a chronic process in the lungs, which requires long-term treatment abroad. After recovery in the years 1880-1881 N. And. Velyaminov works in Central Asia as a surgeon of the Akhal-Teke expedition, develops a system of medical sorting and evacuation of the wounded, writes "Memories of the surgeon from the Akhal-Teke expedition." In 1883 he received the degree of doctor of medicine and worked as an assistant to Professor K. K. Reyer, lectured on operative surgery in Women's medical courses. In 1884 N. Ah. Velyaminov becomes an assistant to the chief physician and surgeon of the Holy cross community of sisters of mercy. In 1885 he founded the first in Russia authoritative scientific surgical journal "Surgical Bulletin". Since 1887 N. Ah. Velyaminov as a Junior doctor of the life guards of the Preobrazhensky regiment heads the surgical Department in Krasnoselsky hospital, since 1893 works as the Director of the Maximilian hospital in St. Petersburg, since 1894 the senior doctor of the Semenovsky regiment, is appointed the life-physician and honorary surgeon of the Highest Court, and then the senior doctor of the Imperial headquarters. In 1889 he defended his doctoral thesis. In 1894 N. Ah. Velyaminov is elected Professor of the Military medical Academy. In 1896 he designs the device for the first time in St. Petersburg service of "Ambulance", organizing children's sanatoriums. In 1900, Velyaminov was elected an honorary member of the Royal medical College in London, the Chief Commissioner of the Russian red cross society for assistance to the sick and wounded in the far East. In 1905 N. Ah. Velyaminov was awarded the rank of privy Councilor, and in 1907 was awarded the order of St. Anne of the 1st degree. In the same years N. Ah. Velyaminov was the first in Russia to study occupational injuries, insurance of workers and organized the "Bureau of medical examination for workers" (1907). In 1910 1912 N. Ah. Velyaminova works as the head of the Imperial Military medical Academy in St. Petersburg. In 1913, the conference of the Military medical Academy elected him academician of medicine. At the beginning of World war I. Ah. Velyaminov took part in the work of the Main Directorate of the red cross, and from the end of August he was a surgeon-consultant at the Headquarters of the commander-in-Chief to inspect the surgical case in the army. By the beginning of 1917 N. Ah. Velyaminov held many positions: Director of the Mariinsky hospital for the poor, Alexandrinsky women's hospital and Maximilian hospital; Chairman of the Medical Commission for reception in the sanatorium "khalila", the Russian Society for the protection of public health, the Interdepartmental Commission for the revision of medical legislation; Vice-Chairman of the Committee of the Community of the Seaside sanatorium for chronically ill children; editor of the magazines "Surgical archive" and "Hygiene and sanitary Affairs"; inspector of the court medical unit; honorary consultant of the Alexander-Mariinsky hospital and hospital for incoming patients; consultant of the Royal office for the institutions of the Empress Maria Feodorovna, member of the Board of the Community. Kaufman red cross and the Medical Council of the interior Ministry. In 1919-1920 he headed the Department of surgical pathology with desmurgy at the Women's medical Institute. In March 1920, he was offered the post of Chairman of the Commission for the reform of medical education, from which N. Ah. Velyaminov refused. By this time the new government took away the Professor's apartment, and he found refuge in the utility room of the Petrograd hospital named after Peter the Great. N. And. Velyaminov author of over 100 scientific medical works, including 8 monographs. He described thyrotoxic polyarthritis, gave the classification of diseases of the joints and thyroid gland, one of the first pointed to the importance of the endocrine glands in the development of surgical diseases, used phototherapy; opened the first Russian light therapy room. A lot of new N. And. Velyaminov contributed to the doctrine of surgical treatment of bone tuberculosis and abdominal surgery. April 9, 1920 N. Ah. Velyaminov died and was buried at the Volkov cemetery.